Citing Your Sources

Chicago Notes and Bibliographies (NB) is also known at Chicago Humanities . 

You should use a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. A superscript number corresponding to a note should be placed following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced. The note begins with the appropriate number followed by a period and then a space. 

The first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source. The second note should only include the author's last name, an abbreviated title, and page number.

If you cite the same source and page  from a single source two or more times consecutively, the note should use the word “Ibid.” If you use the same source but a different page, the note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page.

Journal articles

Journal articles are usually cited by volume and issue number. In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL; alternatively, list the name of the database.

Notes
1. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.
2. B. T. Hebert, “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life,” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 310, EBSCOhost.
3. Benjamin Lindquist, “The Art of Text-to-Speech,” Critical Inquiry 50, no. 2 (2023): 230, https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.
4. Emily L. Dittmar and Douglas W. Schemske, “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation,” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 480, https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

Shortened notes
5. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1851.
6. Hebert, “Island of Bolsö,” 311.
7. Lindquist, “Text-to-Speech,” 231–32.
8. Dittmar and Schemske, “Temporal Variation,” 480.

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)
Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation.” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.
Hebert, B. T. “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life.” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 307–13. EBSCOhost.
Kwon, Hyeyoung. “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life.” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.
Lindquist, Benjamin. “The Art of Text-to-Speech.” Critical Inquiry 50, no. 2 (2023): 225–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

Journal articles with multiple authors

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. For works by two authors, list both in the bibliography and in a note. For three or more authors, list up to six in the bibliography; for more than six authors, list the first three, followed by “et al.” (“and others”). In a note, list only the first, followed by “et al.” Note that the bibliography entry for the Dror example below (which credits eighteen authors) includes an article ID in place of a page range; in a note, specific page numbers may be cited as shown (see CMOS 14.71 for details).

Note
7. Amiel A. Dror et al., “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness,” PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): 4–5, e0263069, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

Shortened note
8. Dror et al., “Pre-Infection,” 7.

Bibliography entry
Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness.” PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

Book

Note that a place of publication is no longer required in book citations (see CMOS 14.30).

First name Last name. Book title. Publisher, Year.  

Example:

Notes
1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.
2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

Shortened notes
3. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.
4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)
Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.
Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

Chapter in an Edited Book

The page range for a chapter in a book is no longer required in bibliography entries (see CMOS 14.8). In a note, cite specific pages as applicable.

Example:

Notes
1. Kathleen Doyle, “The Queen Mary Psalter,” in The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, ed. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 64.

Shortened note
2. Doyle, “Queen Mary Psalter,” 65.

Bibliography entry
Doyle, Kathleen. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.

Legal documents are only cited in notes, not in the bibliography.

Laws and Statues

Bills or joint resolutions that have been signed into law - "public laws," or statues - are first published separately, as slip laws, and then collected in the annual bound volumes of the United States Statues at Large (abbreviated in legal style as Stat.), where they are referred to as session laws. Later they are incorporated into the United States Code (U.S.C.).

Bills and Resolutions

Congressional bills (proposed laws) and resolutions are published in pamphlet form (slip bills). In citations, bills or resolutions originating in the House of Representatives are abbreviated "H.R." or "H.R. Res.," and those orginating in the Senate, "S." or "S. Res." The title of the bill (if there is one) is followed by the bill number, the congressional session, a section number (if relevant), and the year of publication in parentheses. Authors wishing to cite a bill that has since been enacted should cite it as a statue.

Cases or Court Decisions

Case names, including the abbreviation v., are set roman in notes; short forms in subsequent citation are italicized (as are case names mentioned in running text). Full citations include volume number (Arabic), abbreviated name of the report, the ordinal series number of the report (if applicable), the abbreviated name of the court (if not specified by the reporter) and the date together in parentheses, and other relevant information. A single page number designates an actual page cited, In a shortened citation, at is used to cite a particular page; absence of at implies reference to the decision as a whole. 

Author. "Title" (thesis or dissertation note, academic institution, year), ID number if available, URL.  

Example:

Notes
1. Ilya Vedrasko, "Advertising in Computer Games" (master's thesis, MIT, 2006), 59, http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39144

2. Malanie Subacus, "Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome, " (PhD diss., new York University, 2015), http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/pubnum/3685917.html

Short Note
Vedrashko, "Advertising in Computer Games," 61-62.

Bibliography entry
Choi, Mihwa. "Contesting Imaginaire in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty." PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426). 

Owner. "Page title." Website title. Updated date. URL. 

Example:

Notes
1. "Apps for Office Sample Pack," Office Dev Center, Microsoft Corporation, updated October 20, 2015, https://code.msdn.microsoft.com/office/apps-for-office-code-d04762b7

Bibliography entry
Microsoft Corporation. "Apps for Office Sample Pack." Office Dev Center. Updated October 20, 20215. https://code.msdn.microsoft.com/office/apps-for-office-code-d04762b7.